Manual:Creating interface tools/ro

În ultimele două capitole, am văzut cum să create Part geometry și create parametric objects. O ultimă piesă lipsește pentru a obține un control deplin peste FreeCAD: Creați instrumente care vor interacționa cu utilizatorul.

În multe situații, nu este foarte ușor să construim un obiect cu valori zero, așa cum am făcut-o cu dreptunghiul din capitolul precedent, și apoi să cerem utilizatorului să completeze valorile Înălțime și Lățime din panoul Proprietăți. Aceasta funcționează pentru un număr foarte mic de obiecte, dar va deveni foarte obositoare dacă aveți multe dreptunghiuri. O modalitate mai bună ar fi să puteți da deja înălțimea și lățimea la crearea dreptunghiului.

Python oferă un instrument de bază pentru ca utilizatorul să introducă text pe ecran:

text = raw_input("Height of the rectangle?") print("The entered height is ",text)

Cu toate acestea, aceasta necesită o consolă Python care rulează, iar atunci când executăm codul dintr-o macrocomandă, nu suntem întotdeauna siguri că avem Consola Python va fi activată pe mașina utilizatorului.

Interfața utilizatorului grafic Graphical User Interface, sau GUI, adică întreaga parte a programului FreeCAD care este afișat pe ecran (meniul, barele de instrumente, vizualizarea 3D etc.), este acolo în acest scop: interacționați cu utilizatorul. Interfața FreeCAD este construită cu Qt, o trusă de instrumente GUI foarte variate, care oferă o gamă largă de instrumente, cum ar fi casete, butoane, etichete, casete de introducere a textului sau meniuri derulante. Acestea sunt numite generic "widget-uri".

The Qt tools are very easy to use from Python, thanks to a Python module called Pyside (there are several other Python modules to communicate with Qt from Python too). This module allows you to create and interact with widgets, read what the user did with them (what was filled in text boxes) or do things when, for example, a button was pressed.

Qt also provides another interesting tool called Qt Designer, which is today embedded inside a bigger application called Qt Creator. It allows to design dialog boxes and interface panels graphically, instead of having to code them manually. In this chapter, we will use Qt Creator to design a panel widget that we will use in the Task panel of FreeCAD. So you will need to download and install Qt Creator from its official page if you are on Windows or Mac (on Linux it will usually be available from your software manager application).

In the following exercise, we will first create a panel with Qt Creator that asks for length, width and height values, then we will create a Python class around it, that will read the values entered by the user from the panel, and create a box with the given dimensions. This Python class will then be used by FreeCAD to display and control the task panel:



Let's start by creating the widget. Start Qt Creator, then menu File -> New File or Project -> Files and Classes -> Qt -> Qt Designer Form -> Dialog without buttons. Click Next, give it a filename to save, click Next, leave all project fields to their default value (" "), and Create. FreeCAD's Task system will automatically add OK/Cancel buttons, that's why we chose here a dialog without buttons.




 * Find the Label in the list in the left panel, and drag it onto the canvas of our widget. Double-click the recent placed Label, and change its text to Length.
 * Right-click the widget canvas, and choose Lay out-> Lay out in a Grid. This will turn our widget into a grid with currently only one cell, occupied by ourfirst label. We can now add the next items at the left, right, top or bottom of our first label, and the grid will expand automatically.
 * Add two more labels below the first one, and change their text to Width and Height:




 * Now place 3 Double Spin Box widgets next to our Length, Width and Height labels. For each of them, in the lower left panel, which shows all the available settings for the selected widget, locate Suffix and set their suffix to mm. FreeCAD has a more advanced widget, that can handle different units, but that is not available in Qt Creator by default (but can be compiled), so for now we will use a standard Double Spin Box, and we add the "mm" suffix to make sure the user knows in which units they work:




 * Now our widget is done, we just need to make sure of one last thing. Since FreeCAD will need to access that widget and read the Length, Width and Height values, we need to give proper names to those widgets, so we can easily retrive them from within FreeCAD. Click each of the Double Spin Boxes, and in the upper right window, double-click their Object Name, and change them to something easy to remember, for example: BoxLength, BoxWidth and BoxHeight:




 * Save the file, you can now close Qt Creator, the rest will be done in Python.
 * Open FreeCAD and create a new macro from menu Macro -> Macros -> Create
 * Paste the following code. Make sure you change the file path to match where you saved the .ui file created in QtCreator:

import FreeCAD,FreeCADGui,Part path_to_ui = "C:\Users\yorik\Documents\dialog.ui" class BoxTaskPanel: def __init__(self): # this will create a Qt widget from our ui file self.form = FreeCADGui.PySideUic.loadUi(path_to_ui) def accept(self): length = self.form.BoxLength.value width = self.form.BoxWidth.value height = self.form.BoxHeight.value if (length == 0) or (width == 0) or (height == 0): print("Error! None of the values can be 0!") # we bail out without doing anything return box = Part.makeBox(length,width,height) Part.show(box) FreeCADGui.Control.closeDialog panel = BoxTaskPanel FreeCADGui.Control.showDialog(panel)
 * 1) CHANGE THE LINE BELOW

In the code above, we used a convenience function (PySideUic.loadUi) from the FreeCADGui module. That function loads a .ui file, creates a Qt Widget from it, and maps names, so we can easily access the subwidget by their names (ex: self.form.BoxLength).

The "accept" function is also a convenience offered by Qt. When there is an "OK" button in a dialog (which is the case by default when using the FreeCAD Tasks panel), any function named "accept" will automatically be executed when the "OK" button is pressed. Similarly, you can also add a "reject" function which gets executed when the "Cancel" button is pressed. In our case, we omitted that function, so pressing "Cancel" will do the default behaviour (do nothing and close the dialog).

If we implement any of the accept or reject functions, their default behaviour (do nothing and close) will not occur anymore. So we need to close the Task panel ourselves. This is done with:

FreeCADGui.Control.closeDialog

Once we have our BoxTaskPanel that has 1- a widget called "self.form" and 2- if needed, accept and reject functions, we can open the task panel with it, which is done with these two last lines:

panel = BoxTaskPanel FreeCADGui.Control.showDialog(panel)

Note that the widget created by PySideUic.loadUi is not specific to FreeCAD, it is a standard Qt widget which can be used with other Qt tools. For example, we could have shown a separate dialog box with it. Try this in the Python Console of FreeCAD (using the correct path to your .ui file of course):

from PySide import QtGui w = FreeCADGui.PySideUic.loadUi("C:\Users\yorik\Documents\dialog.ui") w.show

Of course we didn't add any "OK" or "Cancel" button to our dialog, since it was made to be used from the FreeCAD Task panel, which already provides such buttons. So there is no way to close the dialog (other than pressing its Window Close button). But the function show creates a non-modal dialog, which means it doesn't block the rest of the interface. So, while our dialog is still open, we can read the values of the fields:

w.BoxHeight.value

This is very useful for testing.

În cele din urmă, nu uitați că există mult mai multe despre widgeturile QT pe FreeCAD Wiki, în secțiunea Python Scripting, care conține dialog creation tutorial, o parte terță specială  PySide tutorial care acoperă în mode extins subiectul.

De citit în plus


 * Qt Creator
 * Installing Qt Creator
 * Python scripting documentation
 * Dialog creation tutorial
 * PySide tutorials
 * PySide documentation