Manual:Traditional 2D drafting/ru

Вы могли заинтересоваться FreeCAD, уже имея некоторый опыт технического черчения, например, с помощью программ вроде AutoCAD. Или Вы уже знаете что-то о проектировании, либо Вы предпочитаете чертить вещи перед их изготовлением. В любом случае, FreeCAD предоставляет более традиционный верстак, чьи инструменты встречаются в большинстве двумерных САПР: Верстак Draft.

Верстак Draft, хотя и принимает методы работы из традиционного мира двумерных чертёжных САПР, вовсе не ограничен двумерной областью. Все его инструменты работают во всём трёхмерном пространстве и многие из инструментов Draft, например,  Move или  Rotate широко используются во всём FreeCAD, поскольку они зачастую более интуитивны, чем изменение параметров положения вручную.

Среди инструментов, предоставляемых верстаком Draft, есть такие традиционные чертёжные инструменты как Line,  Circle или  Wire (полилиния), инструменты редактирования вроде  Move,  Rotate или  Offset, система рабочих плоскостей с привязочными сетками, позволяющая Вам точно определить, в какой плоскости Вы работаете, и полная система привязок, сильно облегчающая черчение и позиционирование элементов в точных отношениях друг с другом.

Для демонстрации работы и возможностей верстака Draft мы пройдём через простой пример, результатом которого будет этот простой чертёж, показывающий план маленького дома, содержащего лишь варочную плиту (немного абсурдно, но здесь мы можем делать что хотим, верно?):




 * Переключаемся на верстак Draft
 * Как во всех приложениях технического черчения, разумнее правильно установить окружение, это съэкономит уйму времени. Сконфигурируйте по своему желанию grid and working plane и Текст и размеры в меню Правка -> Параметры -> Draft. В этом упражнении, тем не менее, мы будем действовать так, будто эти параметры сохранят значения по умолчанию.




 * Верстак Draft так же содержит две специальные панели инструментов: одна с визуальными установками, где Вы можете изменить текущую рабочую плоскость, включить/отключить конструктивный режим, установить цвет линии, поверхности, толщину линии и размер текста для новых объектов, а другая для привязок. Здесь Вы можете включать/выключать сетку привязки, и устанавливать индивидуальные положения привязки:




 * Начнём с включённым конструктивным режимом, который позволит нам рисовать некоторые направляющие, по которым мы нарисуем финальную геометрию.
 * Если желаете, установите рабочую плоскость на XY. Если Вы сделаете это, рабочая плоскость не изменится при любом текущем виде. Если нет, рабочая плоскость будет меняться автоматически по текущему виду, и надо будет обращать внимание на том, чтобы был установлен вид сверху, когда Вы хотите рисовать на плоскости XY.
 * Затем выберите инструмент [[Image:Draft_Rectangle.png|16px]] Rectangle и нарисуйте прямоугольник от точки (0,0,0) размером 2 метра на 2 метра (оставив Z равным нулю). Заметте, что большинство команд Draft могут быть выполнены с клавиатуры, не касаясь мыши, используя их двубуквенные сокращения. Наш первый прямоугольник 2x2 метра может быть выполнен так: re 0 Enter 0 Enter 0 Enter 2m Enter 2m Enter 0 Enter.
 * Сделайте дубль прямоугольника 15 см внутрь, используя инструмент [[Image:Draft_Offset.png|16px]] Offset, включив его команду Copy, и задав расстояние в 15 см:




 * We can then draw a couple of vertical lines to define where our doors and windows will be placed, using the [[Image:Draft_Line.png|16px]] Line tool. The crossing of these lines with our two rectangles will give us useful intersections to snap our walls to. Draw the first line from point (15cm, 1m, 0) to point (15cm, 3m, 0).
 * Duplicate that line 5 times, using the [[Image:Draft_Move.png|16px]] Move tool with Copy mode turned on. Turn also the Relative mode on, which will allow us to define movements in relative distances, which is eaier than calculate the exact position of each line. Give each new copy any start point, you can leave it at (0,0,0) for example, and the following relative endpoints:
 * line001: x: 10cm
 * line002: x: 120cm
 * line003: x: -55cm, y: -2m
 * line004: x: 80cm
 * line005: x: 15cm




 * That is all we need now, so we can switch construction mode off. Check that all the construction geometry has been placed into a "Construction" group, which makes it easy to hide it all at once or even delete it completely later on.
 * Now let's draw our two wall pieces using the [[Image:Draft_Wire.png|16px]] Wire tool. Make sure the [[Image:Snap_Intersection.png|16px]] intersection snap is turned on, as we will need to snap to the intersections of our lines and rectangles. Draw two wires as follow, by clicking all the points of their contours. To close them, either click onthe first point again, or press the Close button:




 * We can change their default grey color to a nice hatch pattern, by selecting both walls, then setting their Pattern property to Simple, and their Pattern size to your liking, for example 0.005.




 * We can now hide the construction geometry by right-clicking the Construction group and choose Hide Selection.
 * Let's now draw the windows and doors. Make sure the [[Image:Snap_Midpoint.png|16px]] midpoint snap is turned on, and draw six lines as follow:




 * We will now change the door line to create an opened door symbol. Start by rotating the line using the [[Image:Draft_Rotate.png|16px]] Rotate tool. Click the enpoint of the line as rotation center, give it a start angle of 0, and an end angle of -90.
 * Then create the opening arc with the [[Image:Draft_Arc.png|16px]] Arc tool. Pick the same point as the rotation center we used in the previous step as center, click the other point of the line to give the radius, then the start and end points as follow:




 * We can now start placing some furniture. To begin with, let's place a counter by drawing a rectangle from the upper left inner corner, and giving it a width of 170cm and a height of -60cm. In the image below, the Transparency property of the rectangle is set to 80%, to give it a nice furniture look.
 * Then let's add a sink and a cooktop. Drawing these kinds of symbols by hand can be very tedious, and they are usually easy to find on the internet, for example on http://www.cad-blocks.net . In the Downloads section below, for convenience, we separated a sink and a cooktop from this site, and saved them as DXF files.You can download these two files by visiting the links below, and right-clicking the Raw button, then choosing save as.
 * Inserting a DXF file into an opened FreeCAD document can be done either by choosing the File -> Import menu option, or by dragging and dropping the DXF file from your file explorer into the FreeCAD window. The contents of the DXF files might not appear right on the center of your current view, depending on where they were in the DXF file. You can use menu View -> Standard views -> Fit all to zoom out and find the imported objects. Insert the two DXF files, and move them to a suitable location on the tabletop:




 * We can now place a couple of dimensions using the [[Image:Draft_Dimension.png|16px]] Dimension tool. Dimensions are drawn by clicking 3 points: the start point, an end point, and a third point to place the dimension line. To make horizontal or vertical dimensions, even if the two first points are not aligned, press Shift while clicking the second point.
 * You can change the position of a dimension text by double-clicking the dimension in the tree view. A control point will allow you to move the text graphically. In our exercise, the "0.15" texts have been moved away for better clarity.
 * You can change the contents of the dimension text by editing their Override property. In our example, the texts of the door and windows dimensions have been edited to indicate their heights:




 * Let's add some description texts using the [[Image:Draft_Text.png|16px]] Text tool. Click a point to position the text, then enter the lines of text, pressing Enter after each line. To finish, press Enter twice.
 * The indication lines (also called "leaders") that link the texts to the item they are describing are simply done with the Wire tool. Draw wires, starting from the text position, to the place being described. Once that is done, you can add a bullet or arrow at the end of the wires by setting their End Arrow property to True




 * Our drawing is now complete! Since there begins to be quite a number of objects there, it would be wise do some cleaning and place everything in a nice structure of groups, to make the file easier to understand to another person:




 * We can now print our work by placing it on a Drawing sheet, which we will show further in this manual, or directly export our drawing to other CAD applications, by exporting it to a DXF file. Simply select our "Floor plan" group, select menu File -> Export, and select the Autodesk DXF format. The file can then be opened in any other 2D CAD application such as LibreCAD. You might notice some differences, depending on the configurations of each application.




 * The most important thing about the Draft Workbench, however, is that the geometry you create with it can be used as a base or easily extruded into 3D objects, simply by using the [[Image:Part_Extrude.png|16px]] Part_Extrude tool from the Part Workbench, or, to stay in Draft, the [[Image:Draft_Trimex.png|16px]] Trimex (Trim/Extend/Extrude) tool, which under the hood performs a Part Extrusion, but does it "the Draft way", that is, allows you to indicate and snap the extrusion length graphically. Experiment extruding our walls as shown below.
 * By pressing the [[Image:Draft_SelectPlane.png|16px]] working plane button after selecting a face of an object, you are also able to place the working plane anywhere, and therefore draw Draft objects in different planes, for example on top of the walls. These can then be extruded to form other3D solids. Experiment setting the working plane on one of the top faces of the walls, then draw some rectangles up there.




 * All kinds of openings can also be done as easily by drawing Draft objects on the faces of walls, then extruding them, then using the boolean tools from the Part Workbench to subtract them from another solid, as we saw in the previous chapter.

Fundamentally, what the Draft Workbench does is provide graphical ways to create basic Part operations. While in Part you will usually position objects by setting their placement property by hand, in Draft you can do it on-screen. There are times when one is better, other times when the other is preferable. Don't forget, you can create custom toolars in one of these workbenches, add the tools from the other, and get the best of both worlds.

Загрузки


 * Файл, созданный в ходе этого урока: https://github.com/yorikvanhavre/FreeCAD-manual/blob/master/files/cabin.FCStd
 * Файл DXF раковины: https://github.com/yorikvanhavre/FreeCAD-manual/blob/master/files/sink.dxf
 * Файл DXF варочной панели: https://github.com/yorikvanhavre/FreeCAD-manual/blob/master/files/cooktop.dxf
 * Финальный файл DXF, созданный во время этого упражнения: https://github.com/yorikvanhavre/FreeCAD-manual/blob/master/files/cabin.dxf

Читать далее


 * Верстак Draft
 * Привязка
 * Рабочая плоскость верстака Draft