A2plus Workbench

Introduction
The A2plus workbench is an external workbench to assemble different parts in FreeCAD.

This documentation describes A2plus version 0.4.23 or newer.

Installing
The A2plus workbench is an addon to FreeCAD. It can easily be installed via the menu. A2plus is under active development and will get new features frequently. Therefore you should update it regularly using also the menu. The A2plus code is hosted and developed on GitHub and can also be installed manually by copying it into FreeCAD's MOD directory.

Getting Started
At first switch to the A2plus toolbar in FreeCAD. To create an assembly create a new file in FreeCAD. At first this file needs to be saved. It is recommended (but not necessary) to save it in the same folder of the parts you want to assemble.

Now parts can be added to the assembly by using the toolbar button or. The button adds all bodies in the selected file as a single part. When using the button you can choose which single body of the file should be imported as part. The first added part gets a fixed position by default. (You can change this later via the part property .) Parts that are already in the assembly can be cloned with the toolbar button. To edit a part from the assembly, select it in the model tree and use the toolbar button. This will open the part into a new tab in FreeCAD or switch to its tab if the file is already opened. To import changes in parts into the assembly click on the toolbar button.

Imported parts will keep their external dependencies and can be edited. For well-defined parts like screws it is however useful that their shape cannot be edited. This can be achieved with the toolbar button that converts the selected part to a static copy of the original part.

To save the assembly and close it afterwards, the toolbar button can be used.

Assembling
Assembling parts is done by adding constraints between parts. After a constraint A2plus will move the parts according to the constraint if possible. For complex constraints between parts A2plus might fail to solve the constraints. Therefore also have a look at section Troubleshooting for strategies to resolve such cases.

Constraints between parts are added by keeping the key pressed and selecting an edge or face of two parts. The constraint will be added attached in the model tree to the affected parts.

Keeping track
The more parts you add, the more important it is to keep track. A2plus therefore offers these tools to move and view parts:


 * To move a part around in the assembly, select it in the model tree and use the toolbar button [[Image:A2p MovePart.svg|24px]]. When you placed the part where you like it, left-click with the mouse. If the moved part already has constraints it will be placed accordingly by pressing the toolbar button [[Image:A2p solver.svg|24px]] because this triggers to resolve all constraints of the assembly.
 * To show a constraint select it in the model tree and use the toolbar button [[Image:A2p ViewConnection.svg|24px]]. This will make the whole assembly transparent and highlight the two objects that are connected via the constraint. To go back to the normal view, left-click into the assembly.
 * To show only certain parts in the assembly, select these parts in the model tree and use the toolbar button [[Image:A2p Isolate Element.svg|24px]]. Alternatively you can hide a certain part by selecting it in the model tree and pressing to toggle its visibility.
 * To toggle the transparency view of the whole assembly you can use the toolbar button [[Image:A2p ToggleTransparency.svg|24px]].
 * Every part can be made transparent using the normal FreeCAD editing. However sometimes the transparency setting for parts is lost when reopening the assembly due to a bug in FreeCAD. As workaround you can use the toolbar button [[Image:A2p_Restore_Transparency.svg|24px]] to restore the transparency settings.

Constraints
When creating a constraint such a dialog will be displayed after you pressed a constraint toolbar button: . For certain constraints it allows you to modify the constraint direction. With the button you can check beforehand if this new constraint can be solved by A2plus. If not, have a look at section Troubleshooting.

A2plus provides the following constraints:

Point on Point
Select a vertex (point) on each part. The toolbar button adds the constraint. It will make the vertices coincident.

Point on Line
Select a vertex (point), or circular edge (will select its center point), or a spherical face (will also select its center point) on one part and an edge on the other part. The toolbar button adds the constraint. It will put the vertex on the edge.

Point on Plane
Select a vertex (point), or circular edge (will select its center point), or a spherical face (will also select its center point) on one part and a plane on the other part. The toolbar button adds the constraint. The constraint dialog allows you to specify an offset between the point and the plane. This offset can also be flipped between both sides of the plane. If the offset is zero, the constraint will put the vertex on the plane.

Sphere on Sphere
Select either a spherical face or a vertex (point) on both parts. The toolbar button adds the constraint. It will either make the center of the spheres, the center of the sphere and the vertex, or the vertices coincident.

Circular Edge on Circular Edge
Select a circular edge on both parts. The toolbar button adds the constraint. The constraint dialog allows you to specify an offset between the edges. This offset can also be flipped. You can furthermore set the constraint direction and lock the rotation of the parts. If the offset is zero, the constraint will put the edges concentric in the same plane.

Axis Coincident
Select either a cylindrical face or a linear edge on both parts. The toolbar button adds the constraint. The constraint dialog allows you to specify the axis direction. The dialog allows you furthermore to lock the rotation of the parts. The constraint will make the axes or lines coincident.

Axis Parallel
Select either a cylindrical face or a linear edge on both parts. The toolbar button adds the constraint. The constraint dialog allows you to specify the axis direction. The constraint will make the axes or lines parallel.

Axis on Plane parallel
Select either a cylindrical face or a linear edge on one part and a plane on the other part. The toolbar button adds the constraint. The constraint will make the axis or line parallel to the plane.

Axis on Plane normal
Select either a cylindrical face or a linear edge on one part and a plane on the other part. The toolbar button adds the constraint. The constraint will make the axis or line normal to the plane.

Plane Parallel
Select a plane on both parts. The toolbar button adds the constraint. The constraint dialog allows you to specify the constraint direction. The constraint will make the planes parallel.

Plane on Plane
Select a plane on both parts. The toolbar button adds the constraint. The constraint dialog allows you to specify a constraint direction and an offset between the planes. This offset can also be flipped. If the offset is zero, the constraint will make the planes coincident.

Plane Angular
Select a plane on both parts. The toolbar button adds the constraint. The constraint dialog allows you to specify an angle between the planes. The constraint will make the planes at first parallel and the set the specified angle.

Coincidence at Center of Mass
Select either a closed edge or a plane on both parts. The toolbar button adds the constraint. The constraint dialog allows you to specify an offset between the edges or planes. This offset can also be flipped. You can furthermore set the constraint direction and lock the rotation of the parts. If the offset is zero, the constraint will put the edges or planes into the same plane.

Subassemblies
An assembly can contain other assemblies. They are added like parts by pressing the toolbar button and selecting a  file containing an assembly. Such subassemblies can also be edited like parts using the toolbar button. Please make sure for higher assembly stages that you update the assembly via the toolbar button when there were changes.

Constraint Handling
Possible constraints for a selection are displayed in the toolbar and the Constraint Tools dialog by enabling the corresponding buttons. The Constraint Tools dialog is opened via the toolbar button. It is intended to stay open to be able to add quickly several constraints to the assembly.

Existing constraints can be edited by selecting them in the model tree and then either double-clicking on it or using the toolbar button. This opens the Constraint Properties dialog.

Constraints can be deleted either by selecting them in the model tree and pressing or by selecting a part with constraints in the model tree and using the toolbar button.

All constraints can be resolved at any time with the toolbar button. If the toolbar button is turned on a resolve is automatically done after every edit of a constraint.

The toolbar button affects the constraint that was added most recently. It flips the constraint direction.

Part Lists
To create part lists of assemblies, the different parts of the assembly must get part info that can be read by A2plus. This is done by editing the part using the toolbar button. In the opened part press the toolbar button and a spreadsheet with the name #PARTINFO# is created.

The structure of the spreadsheet is like this:



Fill out the grey fields with info you have and want to have in the final parts list.

In the assembly or subassembly use the toolbar button. It will ask you if you want to iterate recursively over all subassemblies. Click on Yes. This creates a new spreadsheet with the name #PARTSLIST#. It contains the info from the different #PARTSINFO# spreadsheets of the parts in a list like this:



The position (POS) is automatically set according to the appearance of the parts in the model tree. The top level part will get POS 1. The quantity (QTY) is automatically calculated from the assembly. If a parts is twice in the assembly it will get QTY 2.

If you have updated a part info you can refresh the parts list by pressing the toolbar button again.

For subassemblies you can also create an info spreadsheet using the toolbar button. When you create or update the parts list of the main assembly this info will be used if you click on No for the question if you want to iterate recursively over all subassemblies. Then the different parts are not in the parts list but only the subassemblies.

Assembly Structure
The toolbar button  creates an HTML file with the structure of your assembly. The file will by default be created in the folder of your assembly file. The structure looks like this one:

Degrees of Freedom
The button labels every part of the assembly with its degrees of freedom. Furthermore it outputs a list with all parts and their dependencies. The list is output into FreeCAD's widget Report view. If this widget is currently not visible, it can either be shown by right-clicking into an empty part of the FreeCAD toolbar area and then choosing it in the appearing context menu or with the menu. The degrees of freedom labels can be removed by clicking the button again.

Part Labels
The button labels every part of the assembly in the 3D view with its name. The part labels can be removed by clicking the button again

Shape of whole Assembly
Sometimes it is necessary to have the whole assembly combined as one shape. This shape can then for example be used for 3D printing in the Mesh workbench or for drawings in the TechDraw workbench. It is created using the toolbar button. The shape is by default not made visible. Use the same toolbar button to update the shape in case of changes in the assembly.

Preferences
The a2plus preferences can be accessed via FreeCAD's menu and there in the section A2plus. You can set the following options:

Default solving method

 * Use solving of partial systems The solver begins with a part that has the property set to true and a part constrained to it. All other parts are not calculated. If a solution could be found, the next constrained part is added to the calculation and so on.
 * Use "magnetic" solver, solving all parts at once The solver tries to move all parts at once in direction to a part that has the property set to true. Note that this will in most cases take more time for the calculation of a solution.
 * Force fixed position This sets the property to true for all parts in the assembly. Then no calculation is actually performed since all parts will always be fixed to the positions where they were created.

Default solver behaviour

 * Solve automatically if a constraint property is changed The solver will automatically be started. The same as turning on the toolbar button [[Image:A2p ToggleAutoSolve.svg|24px]].

Behaviour when updating imported parts

 * Recalculate imported parts before updating them All parts of the assembly, including subassemblies, will be opened in FreeCAD to be reconstructed using values from spreadsheets. This feature is designed to construct fully parametrically. Note: This feature is very experimental and not recommended for important projects. Known problems:
 * The assembly can be destroyed because of wrong references to topological names in parts
 * Master spreadsheets can get broken when they are edited while a referenced part file is already closed. This can crash FreeCAD.


 * Enable recursive update of imported parts Opens all subassemblies recursively to update them.


 * Use experimental topological naming While importing parts to the assembly an algorithm generates topological names for each subelement of the imported shape. The topological names are written into the . When an imported part needs to be updated, these topological names are used to update the subelements of the constraints. So assemblies get more robust against volatile subelement numbers of FreeCAD. Note: This increases file sizes and calculation time during import of parts. If topological naming should be used it has to be activated before the assembly is created.


 * Inherit per face transparency from parts and subassemblies Use colour and transparency settings from imported parts. Note: This feature is very experimental and not recommended for important projects.


 * Do not import invisible shapes This will hide invisible datum/construction shapes. Note: No constraints must be connected to datum/construction shapes in higher or other subassemblies. Otherwise you can break the assembly.


 * Use solid union for importing parts and subassemblies All imported parts will directly be put together as union.  This feature is useful for FEM simulations or 3D-printing if only one solid is allowed. The alternative is to create a shape of the whole assembly later on.

User interface settings

 * Show constraints in toolbar If this option is not used, the toolbar buttons for the different constraints are not visible to save space in the toolbar. New constraints can still be set using the Constraint Tools dialog (toolbar button [[Image:A2p DefineConstraints.svg|24px]]).

Storage of files

 * Use relative paths for imported parts Uses relative file paths to the part files.
 * Use absolute paths for imported parts Uses absolute file paths to the part files.
 * All files are in this project folder: All project files have to be in the specified folder. It doesn't matter if they are in subfolders of this folder. Note: No file is allowed to exist several times in the folder (e.g. in different subfolders). This option is helpful to work on different machines because then one only has to copy the project folder.

Troubleshooting
Sooner or later you will get the problem that A2plus cannot solve the constraints you set. To overcome this, there are different strategies:

Checking Constraint Direction
Sometimes constraints seem to be consistently defined but they can nevertheless not be solved. An example: Assume you have a constraint set for two planes. Now you want to set for the same planes the constraint and A2plus cannot solve this. Then the constraint directions of and  are different. Use the same direction for both constraints to fix this.

Deleting Constraints
Most cases of unsolvable constraints occur directly when adding a new constraint. The solution is then to delete the constraint you added last. A2plus will propose this, too.

Sometimes the deletion strategy is the only one, for example when you edited a part in FreeCAD so that faces or edges connected to constraints are missing. You should then delete one constraint that is connected to the changed part at a time. Use the toolbar button after every deletion to see if you reached a solvable state.

When you got an assembly that can be solved, add step by step the constraints you need.

Moving Parts
In some cases the solver only needs better start values to solve the constraints. Take for example the case that you have an axle part and a wheel part. You add a constraint and get no info that the solver failed but the parts are not moved accordingly and in the Report view widget of FreeCAD you see "REACHED  POS-ACCURACY :0.0". A solution for this is to move the parts closer to that position you like to get by the constraint.

Note: Assure that at least one part of the constraint has the property set to false.

Setting the Tip Property
If you miss some features of your part after the import to an A2plus assembly, check the property. A2plus imports bodies of parts with all their features up to the tip feature. This is sensible because setting the tip to a certain feature means that all features behind the tip should not appear in the final part. So if you miss a part feature in A2plus, open the part via the toolbar button, then select a body and look at its property. If the tip is not at the feature where you want it, right-click on the feature where the tip should be and choose. Finally save the part and reload the assembly using the toolbar button.

Repairing Assembly Tree
If you cannot see a clear reason why some constraints cannot be resolved, you can try to use the toolbar button. This will resolve all constraints and re-group then again under the different parts.

Avoiding Accented Characters
On some operating systems you can get problems if the file names or the file paths of parts or the assembly contain accented characters. Therefore avoid such characters and also special characters in general.

Fixing Position
This strategy is no longer necessary for assemblies created with A2plus 0.3.11 or newer because A2plus issues now a warning for missing fixed positions.

When you set a constraint between two parts and no part has the property set to true or is connected by a constraint to a part with  set to true, the constraint cannot be solved. The same happens if both parts of the constraint have set to true.

Then A2plus outputs the info about the failed solution, but sometimes you only see that the parts are not moved accordingly and in the Report view widget of FreeCAD you see "REACHED POS-ACCURACY :0.0". This means the solver finished without errors but it could actually not solve the constraints.

Therefore check that at least one of your parts in the assembly has set to true. Then assure that you only set constraints to a part which is somehow connected to the fixed part. To visualise these dependencies, see section Assembly Structure.

Rotating Parts
This strategy is no longer necessary for assemblies created with A2plus 0.4.0 or newer because A2plus rotates the parts now automatically a bit in the background to get a sufficient start angle for the solver.

The solver often fails for the constraint if the two selected planes have currently an angle of 0° or 180°. (The parts are not moved accordingly and in the Report view widget of FreeCAD you see "REACHED POS-ACCURACY :0.0".) A solution for this is to rotate one part by a few degrees using FreeCAD's transform feature (right-click on the part in the model tree and select in the context menu ).

Note: Assure that at least one part of the constraint has the property set to false.

Animation
A2plus offers animations via Python scripts. This is might sound complicated but with a script template also users without programming background can get animations.

The animation works usually this way (way A):
 * 1) The assembly is fully constrained
 * 2) The script changes a parameter, for example the position or rotation angle of a part
 * 3) After the parameter change, the assembly constraints are solved
 * 4) Step 2. and 3. are repeated to get the animation

It is also possible to change instead of a placement parameter a constraint, for example the distance between 2 planes. This is way B.

Simple Example
Let's animate an example using way A: First download this assembly file: A2p_animated-example.FCStd and also this Python script: A2p_animation-example-script.py.

This is the content of the script and the lines beginning with a '#' describe what the different script lines do:

To use the script to perform the animation, we must
 * 1) Open the assembly file in FreeCAD.
 * 2) Open the script file in FreeCAD.
 * 3) Click on the toolbar button [[Image:Menu_Std_DlgMacroExecute_fr_02.png|24px]] to execute the script (also called macro).
 * 4) Change to the tab of the assembly to see the rotation.

To practice, just change something in the script and execute it afterwards. For example increase step to 5.

Result
This is the result of the example animation:



Interactive Example
The first example demonstrated how to create an animation without any user feedback. For most applications you need to interact with the animation. For example the interesting issue in the example is to see how the driving pins cross the center groove of the wheel. To have a closer look you might present this detail to your colleagues or boss. Therefore you need an interactive solution.

This can be done by using a custom animation dialog with a slider. By moving the slider you can set the rotation angle and therefore rotate back and forth at interesting position.

We use the same assembly file: A2p_animated-example.FCStd and this Python script: A2p_animation-example-script.py.

This is the content of the script to get the interactive animation dialog:

The dialog defined in the script looks like this:

Script Commands
To understand the script syntax better, here is some command info:

The command means, we change the placement property Rotation.Angle of the part get got previously as "starWheel". This property gets the angle as radian. The function radians from the library math converts the angle from degree to radian.

The property Rotation.Angle uses the current placement axis of the part (in our example the x-axis). To rotate the part e.g. around the z-axis one can set the rotation axis (before calling the rotation command) using the command

Instead of rotating, parts can also be moved. To change for example the placement in y-direction of the wheel, the command would be In this case we would not define the variable angle but  PositionShift that we change on every loop run. There are different ways to set the placement of a part. Some are documented here. Unfortunately there is no list with all possible placement commands.

The command is a A2plus-specific command. It solves the assembly constraints of the assembly we previously got as "document". The option useTransaction specifies if FreeCAD should store every change in the undo/redo stack. For large animations you might therefore set it to False.