Part Module

Introduction
the CAD capabilities of FreeCAD are based on the OpenCasCade kernel. The Part module distinguishes between geometric primitives and (topological) shapes. A geometric primitive can be a point, a line, a circle, a plane, etc. or even some more complex types like a B-Spline curve or surface. In OpenCasCADE (OCC) dialect, a shape can be a vertex, an edge, a wire, a face, solid, a compound, etc.

To get a complete list of all of them refer to the OCC documentation and search for Geom_Geometry and TopoDS_Shape. There you can also read what are the differences between geometric objects and shapes. Please note that unfortunately the OCC documentation is not available online (you must download an archive) and is mostly aimed at programmers, not at end-users. But hopefully you'll find enough information to get started here.

The geometric types actually can be divided into two major groups: curves and surfaces. Out of the curves (line, circle, ...) you can directly build an edge, out of the surfaces (plane, cylinder, ...) a face can be built. For example, the geometric primitive line is unlimited, i.e. it is defined by a base vector and a direction vector while its shape representation must be something limited by a start and end point. And a box -- a solid -- can be created by six limited planes.

From an edge or face you can also go back to its geometric primitive counter part.

Thus, out of shapes you can build very complex parts or, the other way round, extract all sub-shape a more complex shape is made of.

User interface
To create primitives from the user interface switch to the Part design workbench and click on 'Create primitives...' menu item under the Part menu. This opens a dialog where you are able to define the type of primitive and further properties depending on the type you have chosen. Then click on the 'Create' button to create such an element.

The Part module is at the moment intended primarily to make its objects available to other parts of FreeCAD, so it has very few user interface elements on its own.

Scripting
The main data structure used in the Part module is the BRep data type from OpenCascade. About all contents and object types of the Part module are now available to python scripting. This includes geometric primitives, such as Line and Circle (or Arc), and the whole range of TopoShapes, like Vertexes, Edges, Wires, Faces, Solids and Compounds. For each of those objects, several creations methods exist, and for some of them, especially the TopoShapes, advanced operations like booleans union/difference/intersection are also available. Explore the contents of the Part module, as described in the FreeCAD Scripting Basics page, to know more.

Examples
To create a line element switch to the Python console and type in:

Let's go through the above python example step by step:

loads the Part module and creates a new document

Line is actually a line segment, hence the start and endpoint.

This adds a Part object type to the document and assigns the shape representation of the line segment to the 'Shape' property of the added object. It is important to understand here that we used a geometric primitive (the Part.line) to create a TopoShape out of it (the toShape method). Only Shapes can be added to the document. In FreeCAD, geometry primitives are used as "building structures" for Shapes.

Updates the document. This also prepare the visual representation of the new part object.

Note that a Line can be created by specifiying its start and endpoint directly in the constructor, for ex. Part.Line(point1,point2) or we can create a default line and set its properties afterwards, like we did here.

A circle can be created in a similar way:

Note again, we used the circle (geometry primitive) to construct a shape out of it. We can of course still access our construction geometry afterwards, by doing:

Here we take the shape of our object f, then we take its list of edges, in this case there will be only one because we made the whole shape out of a single circle, so we take only the first item of the Edges list, and we takes its curve. Every Edge has a Curve, which is the geometry primitive it is based on.

Head to the Topological data scripting page if you would like to know more.