Manual:BIM modeling/ru

BIM расшифровывается как Building Information Modeling (Информационное моделирование зданий). Точное определение может различаться, но упрощённо можно сказать, что это о том, как сейчас моделируются здания и другие большие структуры вроде мостов, тоннелей и так далее. Модель BIM обычно базируется на трёхмерной модели, и так же включает серию дополнительных информационных слоёв, таких как информация о материалах, связи с другими объектами и моделями, или специальные инструкции по строительству или эксплуатации. Дополнительная информация разрешает включать все виды современных анализов модели, такие как структурная устойчивость, оценки стоимости и сроков строительства, или расчетов потребления энергии.

Верстак FreeCAD Arch предоставляет набор инструментов и возможностей для создания моделей BIM. Хотя он имеет другое применение, он сделан для работы в тесной интеграции с остальной частью FreeCAD: всё, что создано любым из прочих верстаков FreeCAD может превратиться в объект Arch, или послужить базой для объекта Arch.

Как в верстаке PartDesign, создаваемые в верстаке Arch объекты делаются для реализации в реальном мире. Следовательно, они должны быть твердотельными. Инструменты Arch обычно автоматически следят за этим, но есть так же утилиты, помогающие проверить пригодность объектов.

Верстак Arch так же включает все инструменты из верстака Draft, и использует его систему сеток и привязки. Перед началом желательно просмотреть страницу настроек верстаков Draft и Arch и установить желательные значения по умолчанию.

В этой главе мы посмотрим как моделировать это небольшое здание:



и создадим его план и вид в разрезе:




 * Создадим новый документ, и переключимся на верстак Arch.
 * Откроем меню Правка -> Параметры -> Draft -> Grid and Snapping и установим расстояние между линиями сетки в 1000 мм, так что у нас будет метровая сетка, соответствующая размеру нашего строения.
 * На панели привязок убедимся, что кнопка [[Image:Snap_Grid.png|16px]] Сетка включена, так что мы можем использовать сетку насколько можно.
 * Установим Выбор плоскости на XY
 * Нарисуем четыре линии инструментом [[Image:Draft_Line.png|16px]] Линия. Координаты можно вводить вручную, или указывать точке в сетке с помощью мыши:
 * От точки (0,0) к точке (0,3)
 * От точки (0,3) к точке (4,3)
 * От точки (4,3) к точке (4,0)
 * От точки (4,0) к точке (0,0)



Заметьте, что мы рисовали в одном направлении (по часовой стрелке). Это не обязательно, но гарантирует, что стены, которые мы потом создадим, будут иметь то же левое и правое направление. Вы можете подумать, что мы могли бы нарисовать здесь прямоугольник, и это правда. Но четыре линии позволяют нам лучше иллюстрировать, как добавить один объект в другой.


 * Выделите первую линию, затем нажмите кнопку [[Image:Arch_Wall.png|16px]] Wall.
 * Повторите для остальных трёх линий, пока не появится 4 стены.
 * Выделите 4 стены и установите параметр Height в 3,00 м и их Alignment в left. Если Вы рисовали линии стен не в рекомендованном выше порядке, у некоторых из них левая и правая стороны будут в противоположном направлении, и для них надо будет указать right. У Вас получится 4 пересекающиеся стены внутри базовых линий:



Now we need to join these walls together, so they intersect properly. This is not necessary when your walls are drawn in a way that they already connect cleanly, but here we need to, since they are intersecting. In Arch, this is done by electing one of the walls to be the "host", and adding the others to it, as "additions". All arch objects can have any number of additions (objects whose geometry will be added to the host's geometry), and subtractions (objects whose geometry will be subtracted). The additions and subtractions of an object can be managed anytime by double-clicking the object in the tree.
 * Select the four walls with Ctrl pressed, the last one being the wall that you chose to become the host
 * Press the [[Image:Arch_Add.png|16px]] Add button. The four walls have now been turned into one:



The individual walls are however still accessible, by expanding the wall in the tree view.


 * Let's now place a door. In FreeCAD, doors are considered a special case of windows, so this is done using the Window tool.
 * Start by selecting the wall. This is not necessary, but a good habit to take. If an object is selected when starting the window tool, you will force the window to be inserted in that object, even if you snap to another object.
 * Set the Working Plane to auto so we are not restricted to the ground plane
 * Press the [[Image:Arch_Window.png|16px]] Window button.
 * In the window creation panel, select the Simple door preset, and set its Width to 0.9m and its Height to 2.1m
 * Make sure the [[Image:Snap_Near.png|16px]] Near snap location is turned on, so we can snap on faces
 * Place your window roughly on the middle of the front face of the wall:




 * After clicking, our window is placed on the correct face, but not exactly where we want:




 * We can now set the precise location by expanding the wall and the window objects in the tree view, and changing the Placement property of the base sketch of our door. Set its position to x = 2m, y = 0, z = 0. Our window is now exactly where we want it:




 * Repeat the operation to place a window: Select the wall, press the window tool, select the Open 2-pane preset, and place a 1m x 1m window in the same face as the door. Set the placement of the underlying sketch to position x = 0.6m, y = 0, z = 1.1m, so the upper line of the window is aligned to the top of the door.



Windows are always built on sketches. It is easy to create custom windows by first creating a sketch on a face, then turning it into a window by selecting it, then pressing the window button. Then, the window creation parameters, that is, which wires of the sketch must be extruded and how much, can be defined by double-clicking the window in the tree view. Let's now create a slab:


 * Set the Working Plane to XY plane
 * Create a [[Image:Draft_Rectangle.png|16px]] rectangle with a length of 5m, a height of 4m, and place it at position x:-0.5m, y:-0.5m, z:0.
 * Select the rectangle
 * Click the [[Image:Arch_Structure.png|16px]] structure tool to create a slab from the rectangle
 * Set the height property of the slab to 0.2m and its normal direction to (0,0,-1) because we want it to extrude downwards. We could also simply have moved it 0.2m down, but it is always good practice to keep extruded objects at the same place as their base profile.
 * Set the Role property of the slab to slab. This is not necessary in FreeCAD, but is important for IFC export, as it will ensure that the object is exported with the correct IFC type.




 * Let's now use one of the structural presets to make a metallic beam. Click the [[Image:Arch_Structure.png|16px]] structure button, select a HEB 180 preset, and set its height to 4m. Place it anywhere:




 * Adjust its placement by setting its rotation to 90° in the (1,0,0) axis, and its position to x:90mm, y:3.5m, z:3.09m. This will position the beam exactly on one of the side walls:




 * We need now to duplicate this beam a couple of times. We could do that one by one using the [[Image:Draft_Clone.png|16px]] clone tool, but there is a better way, to do all the copies at once using an array:
 * Select the beam
 * Press the [[Image:Draft_Array.png|16px]] Array button
 * Set the Number X property of the array to 6, leave the Y and Z numbers to 1
 * Expand the interval X property, and press the small [[Image:Bound-expression-unset.png|16px]] expression icon at the right side of the X field. This will open an expressions editor:




 * Write (4m-180mm)/5 in the expression field, and press OK. This will set the x value to 0.764 (4m is the total length of our front wall, 180mm is the width of the beam, which is why it is called HEB180, and we want a fifth of that space as interval between each beam):




 * We can now easily build a simple slab on top of them, by drawing a rectangle directly on the top plane of the beams. Select a top face of one of the beams
 * Press the [[Image:Draft_SelectPlane.png|16px]] working plane button. The working plane is now set to that face.
 * Create a [[Image:Draft_Rectangle.png|16px]] rectangle, snapping to two opposite points of the border beams:




 * Select the rectangle
 * Click the [[Image:Arch_Structure.png|16px]] structure button and create a slab with a height of 0.2m.

That's it, our model is now complete. We should now organize it so it exports correctly to IFC. The IFC format requires that all objects of a building are inside a building object, and optionally, inside a story. It also requires that all buildings are placed on a site, but the IFC exporter of FreeCAD will add a default site automatically if needed, so we don't need to add one here.


 * Select the two slabs, the wall, and the array of beams
 * Press the [[Image:Arch_Floor.png|16px]] Floor button
 * Select the floor we just created
 * Press the [[Image:Arch_Building.png|16px]] Building button

Our model is now ready to export:



The IFC format is one of the most precious assets in a free BIM world, because it allows the exchange of data between any application and actor of the construction world, in an open manner (the format is open, free and maintained by an independent consortium). Exporting your BIM models as IFC ensures that anyone can see and analyze them, no matter the application used.

In FreeCAD, IFC import and export is done by interfacing with another piece of software, called IfcOpenShell. To be able to export to IFC from FreeCAD, the IfcOpenShell-python package must be installed on your system. Be sure to select one which uses the same python version as FreeCAD. The python version that FreeCAD uses is informed when opening the View -> Panels -> Python console panel in FreeCAD. When that is done, we can now export our model:


 * Select the top object you want to export, that is, the Building object.
 * Select menu File -> Export -> Industry Foundation Classes and save your file.
 * The resulting IFC file can now be opened ina wide range of applications and viewers (the image below shows the file opened in the free IfcPlusPlus viewer). Checking the exported file in such a viewer application before distributing it to other people is important to check that all the data contained in the file is correct. FreeCAD itself can also be used to re-open the resulting IFC file.



We will now place some dimensions. Unlike the previous chapter, where we drew all the dimensions directly on the Drawing sheet, we will use another method here, and place Draft dimensions directly in the 3D model. These dimensions will then be placed on the Drawing sheet. We will first make two groups for our dimensions, one for the dimensions that will appear in the plan view, and another for those that appear on the elevation.


 * Right-click the "house" document in the tree view, and create two new groups: Plan dimensions and Elevation dimensions.
 * Set the Working Plane to XY plane
 * Make sure the [[Image:Snap_WorkingPlane.png|16px]] restrict snap location is turned on, so everything you draw stays on the working plane.
 * Draw a couple of [[Image:Draft_Dimension.png|16px]] dimensions, for example as on the image below. Pressing Shift and Ctrl while snapping the dimension points will give you additional options.




 * Select all your dimensions, and drag them to the Plan dimensions group in the tree view
 * Set the Working Plane to XZ plane, that is, the frontal vertical plane.
 * Repeat the operation, draw a couple of dimensions, and place them in the Elevation dimensions group.



We will now prepare a set of views from our model, to be paced on a Drawing page. We can do that with the tools from the Drawing Workbench, as we have seen in the previous chapter, but the Arch Workbench also offers an all-in-one advanced tool to produce plan, section and elevation views, called Section Plane. We will now add two of these section planes, to create a plan view and an elevation view.
 * Select the building object in the tree view
 * Press the [[Image:Arch_SectionPlane.png|16px]] Section Plane button.
 * Set its Display Height property to 5m, its Display Length to 6m, so we encompass our house (this is not needed, but will look better, as it will show naturally what it is used for), and its Placement position at x:2m, y:1.5m, z:1.5m.
 * Check the list of objects considered by the Section Plane by double-clicking it in the tree view. Section Planes only render specified objects from the model, not all of them. The objects considered by the Section Plane can be changed here.




 * Repeat the operation to create another section plane, give it the same display length and height, and give it the following Placement: position: x:2m, y:-2m, z:1.5m, angle: 90°, axis: x:1, y:0, z:0. Make sure this new section plane also considers the building object.




 * Now we have everything we need, and we can create our Drawing page. Start by switching to the Drawing Workbench, and create a new default [[Image:Drawing_Landscape_A3.png|16px]] A3 page (or select another template if you wish).
 * Select the first section plane, used for the plan view
 * Press the [[Image:Drawing_DraftView.png|16px]] Draft View button. This tool offers a couple of additional features over the standard Drawing View tool, and supports the Section Planes from the Arch Workbench.
 * Give the new view the following properties:
 * X: 50
 * Y: 140
 * Scale: 0.03
 * Line width: 0.15
 * Show Cut True
 * Show Fill: True
 * Select the other section plane, and create a new Draft View, with the following properties:
 * X: 250
 * Y: 150
 * Scale: 0.03
 * Rendering: Solid



We will now create two more Draft Views, one for each group of dimensions.


 * Select the Plan dimensions group
 * Press the [[Image:Drawing_DraftView.png|16px]] Draft View button.
 * Give the new view the following properties:
 * X: 50
 * Y: 140
 * Scale: 0.03
 * Line width: 0.15
 * Font size: 10mm
 * Repeat the operation for the other group, with the following settings:
 * X: 250
 * Y: 150
 * Scale: 0.03
 * Line width: 0.15
 * Font size: 10mm
 * Direction: 0,-1,0
 * Rotation: 90°

Our page is now ready, and we can export it to SVG or DXF formats, or print it. The SVG format allows to open the file illustration applications such as inkscape, with which you can quickly enhance technical drawings and turn them into much nicer presentation drawings. It offers many more possibilities than the DXF format.

Downloads


 * The file produced during this exercise: https://github.com/yorikvanhavre/FreeCAD-manual/blob/master/files/house.FCStd
 * The IFC file exported from the above file: https://github.com/yorikvanhavre/FreeCAD-manual/blob/master/files/house.ifc
 * The SVG file exported from the above file: https://github.com/yorikvanhavre/FreeCAD-manual/blob/master/files/house.svg

Read more


 * Верстак Arch
 * Рабочая плоскость верстака Draft
 * Установка привязки в верстаке Draft
 * The expressions system
 * Формат файлов IFC
 * IfcOpenShell
 * IfcPlusPlus
 * Inkscape